Parallel Structures

C1 · Advanced

Lesson video

Video tezliklə əlavə olunacaq.

Explanation

Explanation · İngilis + Azərbaycan

Parallel structure = the same grammatical form in a series (verb + verb + verb, or noun + noun + noun).

AZ
Paralel struktur = eyni qrammatik forma ardıcıllıqda təkrarlanır.
A
Not parallel
She likes reading, to swim, and run ❌
B
Parallel
She likes reading, swimming, and running.
OR to read, to swim, and to run
TypeExample
Parallel verbsWe need to hire, train, and retain.
Parallel nounscommunication, leadership, creativity
Correlativesboth … and · not only … but also
ComparisonsSame form on both sides of than / as
A
Messy
We focus on growth, scaling fast, and to reduce costs
B
Sharp
We focus on growth, scaling, and cost reduction.

In pitches and essays, parallel lists sound confident and clear.

AZ
Biznes və esse yazısında paralel siyahılar güvən və aydınlıq verir.

Vocabulary

50 söz — ingilis tələffüzü üçün dinlək ikonasına basın; AZ tərcümə üçün düyməyə basın.

prolific adjective /prəˈlɪfɪk/

Producing a large amount of something, especially works, results, or offspring.

Example: She is a prolific writer, having published more than twenty novels in just ten years.

prolifically adverb /prəˈlɪfɪkli/

In a way that produces a large amount of something, especially work, ideas, or results.

Example: The author wrote prolifically, publishing several novels and essays each year.

proliferate verb /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/

To increase rapidly in number or amount.

Example: The use of social media has proliferated in recent years, influencing how people communicate and share information.

fragmentation noun /ˌfræɡmɛnˈteɪʃən/

The process or state of breaking or being broken into smaller parts or pieces.

Example: The fragmentation of the company into smaller divisions made it harder to maintain consistent communication.

astray adverb /əˈstreɪ/

Away from the correct path or direction, either physically or morally.

Example: The hikers went astray in the dense forest and had to call for help.

durable adjective /ˈdjʊərəbl̩/

Able to last a long time without being damaged or worn out.

Example: This jacket is made from durable materials that can withstand harsh weather conditions.

likelihood noun /ˈlaɪkliˌhʊd/

The chance or probability that something will happen.

Example: There is a strong likelihood that the event will be postponed due to bad weather.

naivety noun /naɪˈiːvəti/

A lack of experience, wisdom, or judgment, often resulting in an overly simple or innocent view of the world.

Example: Her naivety led her to trust people who did not have her best interests at heart.

impervious adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrviəs/

Not affected or influenced by something, and unable to be penetrated.

Example: She seemed impervious to criticism and continued with her work confidently.

ludicrous adjective /ˈluːdɪkrəs/

Ridiculous or unreasonable to the point of being laughable.

Example: The idea of finishing the entire project in one day is absolutely ludicrous.

ludicrously adverb /ˈluːdɪkrəsli/

In a way that is absurd, ridiculous, or unreasonable to the point of being laughable.

Example: The house was ludicrously overpriced for such a small and poorly maintained property.

gruesome adjective /ˈɡruːsəm/

Extremely unpleasant and shocking, often because it involves injury or death.

Example: The police discovered a gruesome crime scene that left the entire neighborhood in shock.

gruesomely adverb /ˈɡruːsəmli/

In a way that causes horror or disgust, often due to being shocking or violent.

Example: The crime scene was gruesomely detailed in the report, leaving readers horrified.

screenwriter noun /ˈskriːnˌraɪtər/

A person who writes scripts for films, television shows, or other visual media.

Example: The screenwriter spent months perfecting the dialogue for the movie's main characters.

mingle verb /ˈmɪŋɡl̩/

To move around and talk to other people at a social event, often meeting new people.

Example: At the networking event, she tried to mingle with as many professionals as possible to expand her connections.

churn verb /tʃɜːrn/

To move or mix something, especially a liquid, with great force or to produce continuous motion, often creating turbulence.

Example: The boat rocked violently as the waves churned the water around it.

buffer noun /ˈbʊfər/

something that reduces the impact of a negative situation or protects against harm.

Example: The savings acted as a buffer during the months when she was unemployed.

irately adverb /aɪˈreɪtli/

In an angry or irritated manner, showing annoyance or displeasure.

Example: She responded irately when asked the same question for the third time.

docile adjective /ˈdɒsaɪl/

Quiet and easy to control or manage, often willing to accept instructions or direction.

Example: The new interns were surprisingly docile, following all the guidelines without any complaints.

docilely adverb /ˈdɒsaɪlli/

In a manner that is quiet, submissive, and willing to accept instruction or direction without resistance.

Example: She docilely followed the teacher's instructions, eager to complete the task correctly.

fiend noun /fiːnd/

A person who is extremely enthusiastic or obsessed with something, often in an intense or excessive way.

Example: She's a fitness fiend who spends hours at the gym every day.

fiendish adjective /ˈfiːndɪʃ/

Extremely cruel, unpleasant, or difficult, often in a way that seems clever or cunning.

Example: The puzzle was so fiendish that it took hours to solve.

fiendishly adverb /ˈfiːndɪʃli/

In an extremely difficult, clever, or cruel way.

Example: The puzzle was fiendishly complex, taking hours to solve.

transfix verb /trænsˈfɪks/

To make someone feel so shocked, amazed, or interested that they cannot move or look away.

Example: The audience was transfixed by the singer's powerful performance.

gypsy noun /ˈdʒɪpsi/

A member of a traditionally nomadic ethnic group, often associated with traveling and a distinctive culture, though the term can be considered offensive in some contexts.

Example: The gypsies set up their colorful caravans on the outskirts of the town, attracting curious visitors.

temperament noun /ˈtɛmpərəmənt/

The part of a person's character that affects how they behave and react to situations or people.

Example: Her calm temperament makes her an excellent mediator in stressful situations.

temperamentally adverb /ˌtɛmpərəˈmɛntəli/

In a way that relates to a person's natural character or temperament.

Example: She is temperamentally suited to a career in teaching because of her patience and empathy.

screenplay noun /ˈskriːnpleɪ/

A written text that provides the dialogue, actions, and instructions for a film or television production.

Example: The writer spent months perfecting the screenplay before submitting it to the producers.

demise noun /dɪˈmaɪz/

The end or failure of something, such as an institution, idea, or system.

Example: The sudden demise of the company shocked its employees and investors.

raunchy adjective /ˈrɔːntʃi/

Referring to something that is sexually explicit, vulgar, or inappropriate in a way that may be considered provocative or offensive.

Example: The comedian's raunchy jokes caused some people in the audience to feel uncomfortable.

raunchily adverb /ˈrɔːntʃɪli/

In a way that is sexually explicit, vulgar, or suggestive, often intended to provoke or entertain.

Example: The comedian delivered her jokes raunchily, leaving the audience both shocked and amused.

overdraft noun /ˈoʊvərˌdræft/

A deficit in a bank account caused by withdrawing more money than is available.

Example: She had to pay extra fees because her account went into overdraft last month.

synopsis noun /sɪˈnɒpsɪs/

A brief summary or general overview of the main points of a text, film, or piece of work.

Example: Before the meeting, she provided a synopsis of the report to ensure everyone understood the key findings.

renown noun /rɪˈnaʊn/

The state of being famous or well-known for something.

Example: She achieved international renown for her groundbreaking research in environmental science.

verandah noun /vəˈrændə/

A roofed, open-air gallery or porch, often extending along the outside of a building.

Example: We spent the evening relaxing on the verandah, enjoying the cool breeze and the view of the garden.

occupational adjective /ˌɒkjəˈpeɪʃənl̩/

relating to a job or profession.

Example: The company provides training to reduce the risk of occupational injuries.

verdict noun /ˈvɜːrdɪkt/

A decision or judgment made by a jury or judge in a court of law, or an opinion or decision made after considering all the facts.

Example: The jury reached a unanimous verdict of not guilty after hours of deliberation.

ventilate verb /ˈvɛntɪleɪt/

To allow fresh air to enter and move through a space, or to make a space less stuffy by improving airflow.

Example: The room was small and poorly ventilated, so they opened the windows to let in some fresh air.

ventilation noun /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃən/

The process of allowing fresh air to enter and circulate in a space, or a system designed for this purpose.

Example: Proper ventilation is essential in crowded buildings to ensure good air quality and prevent health issues.

occupant noun /ˈɒkjəpənt/

A person who lives in, works in, or is present in a particular place.

Example: The previous occupants of the house left it in excellent condition.

radiator noun /ˈreɪdieɪtər/

A device, usually made of metal, that is used to heat a room or to cool the engine of a vehicle by circulating liquid or air through it.

Example: The radiator in the living room wasn't working properly, so the house felt quite cold.

homely adjective /ˈhoʊmli/

Simple, plain, or not especially attractive in appearance, often used to describe a person or place in a modest or unpretentious way.

Example: The cottage had a homely charm, with its mismatched furniture and cozy fireplace.

bureaucratic adjective /ˌbjʊrəˈkrætɪk/

Relating to a system of government or management that is overly concerned with rules, procedures, and hierarchy, often resulting in inefficiency.

Example: The project was delayed for months due to the bureaucratic procedures required to get approval.

bureaucratically adverb /ˌbjʊrəˈkrætɪkli/

In a way that relates to the rules, procedures, and structure of an organization, often implying excessive complexity or inefficiency.

Example: The project was delayed because the approval process was handled bureaucratically, requiring multiple unnecessary steps.

adjustable adjective /əˈdʒʌstəbl̩/

Able to be changed or moved to suit different conditions or requirements.

Example: The office chair is adjustable, allowing you to modify the height and backrest for maximum comfort.

fatigue noun /fəˈtiːɡ/

A feeling of extreme physical or mental tiredness, often caused by overwork or stress.

Example: After working long hours without a break, she experienced severe fatigue and needed to rest.

muscular adjective /ˈmʌskjələr/

Having well-developed muscles or relating to the muscles of the body.

Example: He has a muscular build due to years of intense weight training.

versatile adjective /ˈvɜːrsətl̩/

Able to adapt or be used in many different ways or for many different purposes.

Example: She is a versatile actress who can perform both comedic and dramatic roles with ease.

versatility noun /ˌvɜːrsəˈtɪləti/

The ability to adapt or be used for many different purposes or activities.

Example: Her versatility as an actor allows her to perform both comedic and dramatic roles with ease.

stimuli noun /ˈstɪmjəˌlaɪ/

Things that cause a reaction or response in a living organism or system.

Example: The brain processes external stimuli, such as light and sound, to help us understand our environment.

Practice sentences

Əvvəlcə Azərbaycan dilindəki cümləni oxuyun; ingilis dilindəki qarşılığını görmək üçün düyməyə basın.

AZ EN

O, oxumağı, üzməyi və qaçmağı sevir.

Biz həm böyüməyə, həm də miqyaslanmaya diqqət edirik.

Bu siyahıda isimlər paralel olmalıdır.

“Not only … but also” paralel formalar tələb edir.

Qarışıq gerund və infinitiv zəif yazıdır.

Üçüncü element eyni qrammatik quruluşda olmalıdır.

Rəsmi nitqdə paralellik etibar yaradır.

“Either … or” iki eyni tipi birləşdirir.

Bu prinsip təkcə cümlədə deyil, abzasda da vacibdir.

Redaktə zamanı siyahıları yoxlayın.

Reading task

Mətni oxuyun və suallara cavab verin.

Reading: Parallel Structures

She likes reading, writing, and painting. He enjoys swimming, jogging, and cycling. The job requires creativity, dedication, and responsibility. We need to plan, organize, and execute carefully. They are committed to learning, teaching, and mentoring. The conference will discuss innovation, sustainability, and collaboration. He is responsible for analyzing, reporting, and presenting data. Students should practice speaking, listening, and writing regularly.

O hansı fəaliyyətləri xoşlayır?

İş üçün nə tələb olunur?

Tələbələr mütəmadi olaraq nəyi məşq etməlidirlər?

Writing task

Öz məqsəd və planlarınızı sadalayın.

Tapşırıq

  • parallel structures (I enjoy reading, writing, and traveling…)
  • cümlələrdə uyğunluğu qoruyun
  • yazını daha ritmik və oxunaqlı edin

Clicking will open ChatGPT in a new tab with your task + answer (prompt is also copied).

Quick quiz

Tap an answer — you’ll see right away if it’s correct.

0 / 3

Parallel verbs: “She likes reading, _____, and running.”

Correlative: “She is _____ smart _____ hardworking.”

Fix: “We focus on growth, scaling fast, and to reduce costs.”

Lesson complete — great job!

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